耕作措施对坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失的影响

云南山地面积约占全省土地总面积的94%,特殊的地形特征,极易引发坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失,严重影响了农业可持续生产。采取有效的农艺措施来减少坡耕地土壤养分流失是十分有必要的。为此,通过4年定位试验对顺坡(2组处理)、横坡(2组处理)2种耕作方向的复合农艺措施处理进行研究。结果表明:云南坡地红壤的径流时间主要集中在6—9月,且产流雨量占年降雨量的65.62%～75.82%。产流雨量与年降雨量呈现一致趋势。径流量和产流雨量呈线性关系(R_(NVF)~2=0.597 7,R_(OVF)~2=0.415 1,R_(OHF)~2=0.378 2,R_(OHFR)~2=0.335 5),其相关性大小顺序为顺坡处理横坡处理,不施肥处理施肥处理,覆膜处理揭膜处理(P0.01)。大雨(25～49.9 mm)和暴雨(≥50 mm)造成了年度大部分径流和养分的流失。横坡垄作组处理产生地表径流(177.13±28.87)～(182.28±33.75) mm,径流中总氮流失量(7.66±2.51)～(7.85±1.92) kg/hm~2,总磷流失量为(0.91±0.26)～(1.09±0.27) kg/hm~2,与顺坡垄作OVF(常规处理)相比径流和养分极显著减少了49.57%～52.13%,33.16%～53.88%(P0.01)。不同耕作措施下,复合耕作模式(优化施肥+横坡垄作+旺长期揭膜)拦截径流和养分流失的效果最好。RDA分析结果发现,与降雨量相比较,径流量是影响氮磷养分变化的主要环境因子(P0.01)。径流量与氮养分(NH_4~+-N除外)流失量的相关性高于与磷的相关性,表明氮比磷更容易随径流流失。顺坡处理NVF和OVF与环境因子径流量和氮磷养分流失量TN、TDN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、TP、TDP呈正相关,横坡处理OHF和OHFR与其呈负相关。     

不同精度的土壤数据对水质和水量模拟的影响

【背景】模型模拟是研究面源污染的重要手段,建模过程中输入数据的质量是影响模型准确度的重要因素,其中土壤数据作为流域模型的重要输入数据之一,对模型的产流过程有重要的影响。然而,以往的研究多集中于土壤数据精度对水量和水文过程的影响,对水质的研究还比较欠缺。【目的】为丰富该领域建模的先验知识,为流域模型建立过程中的数据选择提供帮助。【方法】采用SWAT（soil & water assessment tool）模型,利用不同精度（1:5万、1:50万和1:100万）的土壤数据进行建模,对凤羽河流域的水量、泥沙、总氮和总磷含量进行了模拟。并采用SWAT-CUP软件进行参数的率定,得到基于3种不同土壤数据的最佳模拟结果。在此基础上,研究不同精度土壤数据对水文响应单元划分、模型参数、水质和水量模拟的影响。【结果】（1）土壤数据对水文响应单元（HRU,hydrologic response unit）的划分数量有明显影响,HRU划分数量的敏感性与划分阈值及土壤图详细程度有关;（2）进行参数率定后模型的表现效果有明显的提高,不同精度的土壤数据对于不同指标（流量、泥沙、总氮和总磷）的模拟效果存在差异,但并非土壤数据精度越高模拟效果越好;（3）随着子流域面积的增大,不同土壤数据提取的土壤属性的平均值趋于一致,且校准过程会对面积较小的子流域产生较大的影响。【结论】因此,在实际的模型模拟中应根据流域的大小和模拟的指标选择土壤数据的精度,同时在模型校准过程中要注意空间尺度的影响。     

The use of the hand-held infrared thermometer as an early detection tool for exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses: A study at racetracks in eastern Australia

Thoroughbred racehorses perform exercise at maximal intensities and typically display a hyperthermic exercise response, which can drive core body temperature to critical levels. Despite extremely efficient thermoregulatory mechanisms, certain weather conditions may affect the horse’s ability to cool and result in a syndrome referred to as exertional heat illness (EHI). This is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction, as well as cytotoxic effects of heat on cells, which can produce deleterious consequences. Early detection of exertional heat illness (EHI) in Thoroughbred racehorses can be difficult because signs are often vague and the measurement of rectal temperature as an indicator of hyperthermia is not practical. Best practice in the treatment of EHI in horses, as in human subjects, centres on early detection, rapid assessment and aggressive cooling. Research in human subjects has shown that EHI is manageable when recognised early and appropriate treatment provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement of skin surface temperature (SST) by an infrared thermometer as an aid in the early detection of EHI. A skin surface temperature ≥39°C in the immediate postrace period is considered to be hot. It reflects the interaction of exercise-related metabolic heat production, physiological adjustments to the skin surface such as vasodilation and sweating, together with the effect of high ambient temperature. Most importantly, high SST is associated with a reduced core-to-skin temperature difference, which retards heat transfer from the deep body tissues to the skin and can hinder heat dissipation. Identification of horses with high SSTs can prioritise them for rapid cooling and curtail possible progression to EHI.     

基于响应面法优化糙米速食粥加工工艺

为综合利用糙米，开发糙米全谷物食品，以糙米为原料，在单因素的基础上，研究煮沸时间、浸泡时间以及蒸煮时间等工艺参数对糙米速食粥复水性、感官品质以及糊化度的影响。以感官评分为响应值，采用响应面法对煮沸—浸泡—蒸煮法生产糙米速食粥的生产工艺进行优化，得到糙米速食粥的最优工艺参数为：煮沸时间20.40 min、浸泡时间1.46 h、蒸煮时间54.22 min，在此条件下糙米速食粥的感官评分为78.98，糊化度为85.28%。经验证试验，得到的结果接近预测值。通过质构分析可知，煮沸—浸泡—蒸煮法得到的产品要优于非浸泡法，复水后不易老化回生。本研究生产的糙米速食粥香味浓郁，品质较好，为糙米食品的工业化生产提供有益参考。     

混料设计法优化萝卜糕配方的研究

萝卜糕是闽南地区一种传统小吃，其质地柔软，味道鲜美，营养丰富，是一种适宜大众的美食。本文以黏米粉、玉米粉、马铃薯粉为粉料，采用混料设计试验方法优化萝卜糕的原料配比，研究了不同种类及不同配比的淀粉形成的面团的质构特性，比较不同配比的原料对萝卜糕感官品质的影响，确定各原料的最佳添加量。通过质构分析和感官评分法对萝卜糕的配方进行比较。结果表明：当黏米粉、玉米粉和马铃薯粉的混合比例为0.65∶0.10∶0.25时，面团TPA质构特性为硬度较低，黏着性、弹性和内聚性均达到最高值，分别为1 220.834 Pa·s、0.97和0.534，且黏米粉、玉米粉和马铃薯粉比例为0.598、0.176、0.226时，制备的萝卜糕风味最佳，感官品质得分最高。     

Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of growth period traits and plant height traits in soybean recombinant inbred lines from Dongnong 47 × PI 317334-B

High and stable yield is the main goal of soybean genetic improvement. In this study, association analysis was used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the plant height, and soybean growth period using 182 SSR markers in the RIL population of 136 F_4:8 lines, which developed from a cross between photoperiod-insensitive cultivar ‘Dongnong 47’ and photoperiod-sensitive variety PI317334–B. The results showed that 33 QTLs related to soybean growth period and plant height traits were detected by compound interval mapping, and were located on 12 linkage groups including N, C1, C2, J, D1a, B2, E, G, A2, O, L, I, with the contribution rate of 7.85–33.84%. These QTL loci and linkage markers related to soybean photoperiod sensitivity, would be helpful to identify key genes that control soybean photoperiod sensitivity, and provide an important basis for the breeding of new photoperiod-insensitive soybean varieties based on molecular design breeding.     

利用响应面法优化椰子风味发酵乳加工工艺

本文以脱脂乳和椰浆为原料进行风味发酵乳的制备。以感官评定为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,选取UHT椰浆添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行试验,利用响应面法对椰子风味发酵乳的最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,对风味发酵乳的影响程度最大的因子是UHT椰浆添加量,其次为发酵时间。椰浆发酵乳的最佳配方为椰浆添加量16.5%,发酵温度45℃,发酵时间8h。以此配方制成的椰浆发酵乳,感官评分为45.56,产品颜色均匀,口感顺滑细腻,有浓郁的奶香、椰香风味和滋味。     

Evaluating the relationship between yearling walleye,Sander vitreus,electrofishing catch‐per‐unit‐effort and density in northern Wisconsin lakes

Recruitment declines of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), observed in some northern Wisconsin lakes have resulted in management actions to evaluate and rehabilitate populations. An effective index for estimating relative abundance of yearling walleye is required. The objectives herein were : (a) to evaluate the relationship between yearling walleye electrofishing CPUE and density in northern Wisconsin lakes; (b) to test for the influence of lake‐specific factors on electrofishing catchability of yearling walleye; and (c) to develop an index whereby electrofishing CPUE can be used to quantify yearling walleye relative abundance. Yearling density was significantly positively related to electrofishing CPUE on a long‐term dataset from Escanaba Lake as well as a dataset including several lakes combined. Electrofishing catchability of yearling walleye was negatively related to lake‐surface area but was not related to other lake‐specific variables. This index can provide an efficient method to continue monitoring natural recruitment and also to evaluate survival of stocked walleye.     

PBD和RSM联用优化聚酯型儿茶素A化学合成技术参数

为探明化学合成条件对聚酯型儿茶素A（Theasinensin A,TSA）得率的影响,通过单因素试验和Plackett-Burman Design（PBD）确定TSA化学合成关键因子,然后采用响应面法（Response surface methodology,RSM）,进一步优化TSA化学合成技术参数。结果表明,氯化铜用量、甲醇体积分数、温度对TSA得率的影响差异极显著,主因素效应为甲醇体积分数>氯化铜用量>温度,最优条件为氯化铜用量43%,甲醇体积分数26%,温度15℃,聚酯型儿茶素得率为59.12%,与模型预测值59.34%接近。PBD和RSM联用优化TSA化学合成工艺可行,预测性较好,可为其他种类儿茶素氧化聚合物的高效化学合成提供借鉴和理论依据。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖体系中群体感应淬灭菌的筛选、安全性评估及发酵条件优化

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamai)养殖体系中筛选得到具有群体感应淬灭(Quorum quenching, QQ)活性的潜在功能菌，并对菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定、安全性评估及发酵条件优化。采用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) A136液体X-gal法进行活性菌株筛选，发现2株细菌(BDZ5和W1B)的发酵液对信号分子己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)具有显著的降解作用，但经沸水浴处理后均丧失降解活性。经16S rDNA基因序列分析，菌株BDZ5和W1B分别被鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和科贝特氏菌属(Cobetia)。安全性评估结果显示，菌株BDZ5和W1B均无溶血性，且对多数抗生素具有敏感性，注射2株活性菌未提高凡纳滨对虾死亡率，且对凡纳滨对虾血清免疫酶活性无显著影响。单因素条件优化结果显示，在起始pH为7.0、盐度为20、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h后，菌株BDZ5达到最大生长量；在起始pH为6.0、盐度为40、0.05%的CaCl2条件下培养48 h，菌株W1B达到最大生长量。2株菌的最适信号分子C6-HSL降解条件与其生长条件有所不同，在起始pH为7.5、盐度为30、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h，2株活性菌对信号分子C6-HSL的降解率达到最大值。研究表明，菌株BDZ5和W1B可作为益生菌应用于水产养殖，为基于QQ角度防治对虾细菌性病害提供优良菌种。